Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of the Fast Charging Polymer Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA)

Fast charging of the electric-vehicles is one of the paramount challenges in solar smart cities. This paper investigates intelligent optimization methodology to improvise the existing approaches in order to speed up the charging process whilst reducing the energy consumption without degradation in the light of the outrageous demand for lithium-ion battery in the electric vehicles (EVs). Two fitness functions are combined as the targeted objective function: energy losses (EL) and charging interval time (CIT). An intelligent optimization methodology based on Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) is implemented to the objective function for improving the charging performance of the lithium-ion battery. COA is applied through two main techniques: The Hierarchical technique (HT) and the Conditional random technique (CRT). The experimental results show that the proposed techniques permit a full charging capacity of the polymer lithium-ion battery (0 to 100% SOC) within 91 mins. Compared with the constant current-constant voltage (CCCV) technique, an improvement in the efficiency of 8% and 14.1% was obtained by the Hierarchical technique (HT) and the Conditional random technique (CRT) respectively, in addition to a reduction in energy losses of 7.783% and 10.408% respectively and a reduction in charging interval time of 18.1% and 22.45% respectively. Experimental and theoretical analyses are performed and are in good agreement on the polymer lithium-ion battery fast charging method

Electric Vehicles Lithium-Polymer Ion Battery Dynamic Behaviour Charging Identification and Modelling Scheme

Lithium-ion batteries are considered the substantial electrical storage element for electric vehicles (EVs). The battery model is the basis of battery monitoring, efficient charging, and safety management. Non-linear modelling is the key to representing the battery and its dynamic internal parameters and performance. This paper proposes a smart scheme to model the lithium-polymer ion battery while monitoring its present charging current and terminal voltage at various ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Firstly, the suggested framework investigated the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the charging process using the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol. This will be followed by monitoring the battery at the surrounding operating temperature and relative humidity. Hence, efficient non-linear modelling of the EV battery dynamic behaviour using the Hammerstein-Wiener (H-W) model is implemented. The H-W model is considered a black box model that can represent the battery without any mathematical equivalent circuit model which reduces the computation complexity. Finally, the model beholds the boundaries of the charging process that not affecting on the lifetime of the battery. Several dynamic models are applied and tested experimentally to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under various ambient conditions where the temperature is fixed at 40°C and the relative humidity (RH) at 35%, 52%, and 70%. The best fit using the H-W model reached 91.83% to describe the dynamic behaviour of the battery with a maximum percentage of error 0.1V which is in good agreement with the literature survey. Besides, the model has been scaled up to represent a real EV and expressed the significance of the proposed H-W model

EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO ANTIHYPERTENSIVE'S IN PREECLAMPSIA AND GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION CASES WITH DIFFERENT ACE GENE INSERTION/DELETION GENOTYPES

  Objective: The objective of this research study was to investigate if there exists a relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genes insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes and the antihypertensive treatment being received by preeclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH) patients.Methods: A total of 50 PE and 35 GH cases were included. ACE gene I/D genotyping was carried out on the blood samples of cases and correlated with the antihypertensive treatment being received by these patients. Details of antihypertensives being received by them were nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker 10 mg) and methyldopa (an alpha 2 receptor agonist 250 mg) which is considered as the first-line of treatment. 30 normotensive pregnant women of comparable gestational period served as controls.Results: It was observed that a combination of calcium channel blocker (nifedipine 10 mg), as well as alpha 2 agonist (methyldopa 250 mg), was required in patients with D' allele containing genotypes. However, PE and GH patients with II genotype as well as those of GH patients responded well to either nifedipine or methyldopa. If confirmed these results appear to be of clinical significance as prior knowledge of ACE I/D genotypes will be useful in the management of PE cases in general and severe PE cases in particular.Conclusion: Prior knowledge of ACE I/D genotypes appears to be helpful in the management of PE and GH cases

Amamentação ao seio, amamentação com leite de vaca e o diabetes mellitus tipo 1: examinando as evidências Breast- feeding, bottle- feeding and the type 1 diabetes mellitus: examining the evidences

A etiologia do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) envolve tanto herança genética como a exposição a fatores ambientais. Evidências de estudos epidemiológicos e experimentais sugerem que a dieta pode ser importante na etiopatogenia dessa doença. Em 1984, Borch-Johnsen e col. sugeriram, com base nos resultados de um estudo caso-controle, que o leite materno seria um fator de proteção para o DM1; esse efeito se daria devido às propriedades anti-infecciosas desse tipo de leite, ou pelo fato de que a amamentação ao seio evitaria que as crianças pudessem ser precocemente expostas a outros agentes etiológicos contidos nos substitutos do leite materno. Esses mesmos achados foram poste-riormente encontrados em diversos estudos, mas o papel do leite materno no aparecimento do DM1 ainda permanece controverso. Em 1992, Karjalainen e col., ao compararem os soros de indivíduos com e sem DM1, observaram, entre os diabéticos, altas concentrações de anticorpos anti-albumina bovina. Os autores postularam a hipótese de que a albumina bovina poderia atuar como desencadeadora do processo destrutivo das células ß do pâncreas e, conseqüentemente, do diabetes. Resultados conflitantes foram observados nas publicações que se sucederam a essa. Neste artigo, resumem-se e discutem-se os achados de diferentes pesquisadores que investigaram a importância desses fatores dietéticos para o aparecimento do DM1.<br>The aetiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) includes genetic heritage and environmental exposure. Evidence from animal and epidemiological studies suggests that some diet components may play a role in the aetiology of DM1. In 1984, Borch-Johnsen et al. suggested, based on a case-control study, that breast-feeding was a protective factor for DM1, probably due its anti-infectious properties or because breast-feeding delays exposure to other etiologic agents in the diet. Afterwards, the same results were found in several studies but the role of breast milk in the development of DM1, is still subject to controversy. In 1992, Karjalainen et al., compared the blood serum of subjects with and without DM1 and they observed a higher concentration of anti-bovine albumin antibodies among diabetic subjects. The authors suggested that bovine albumin could act as a trigger of the destructive process of the pancreas and, in this way, lead to diabetes; discordant results have been observed in the literature since then. In this paper, we summarise and discuss the results found in different studies on dietary factors and DM1